Landström, Björn. Laiva. Helsinki: Otava, 1961/1990. Nautiskt Bildlexikon. Göteborg: W & W, 1983. Humble, Richard et al. The Seafarers - The Explorers. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1980. Wood, Peter et al. The Seafarers - The Spanish Main. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1979. Walker, Bryce et al. The Seafarers - The Armada. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1982. Whipple, A.B.C. et al. The Seafarers - Fighting Sail. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1979. Gruppe, Henry E. et al. The Seafarers - The Frigates. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1980. Cross, Robin et al. The Encyclopedia of Warfare. London: Greenwich Editions, 1998. Naish, G.P.B. H.M.S. Victory. London: Pitkin, 1975. Wooden Ships & Iron Men - Designer's Notes. Monarch Avalon, 1981. Paasi, Pertti. Wasa wihdoinkin walmis. Pienoismalli, 4/89. Eklund, Holger E. Suomi-Englanti Merenkulkualan sanasto. Helsinki: Infopress, 1980. Website: Fredrik Sandström's Sailing Ships Website: Plymouth Plymouth Naval Base Museum - Notes on Sailing Warships Part I - Cannon and Carronades & Rating of Warships Part II - Glossary Part III - The Construction of Wooden Ships

ENTRANCE    THE TWO-MASTED SHIP    THE CARRACK    THE GALLEON

THE SHIP-OF-THE-LINE    THE FULL-RIGGED SHIP    STUDY SOURCES

text and drawings © e t dankwa 25 December 1999